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PurposeMobile-based payment is increasing exponentially but in the developing country like India, consumers' perception is highly positive in daily cash transaction. The purpose of this research is to identify and examine the important challenges for mobile wallet (m-wallet) implementation in India. In the wake of COVID-19, one of the transmission mechanisms of this virus has been the coins and paper money passed between a buyer and a seller. As such m-wallet considered as a convenience of payment has become a necessity in light of the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe authors explored 19 unique sets of challenges selected from the literature and collected data from 14 experts from private sector, multinational corporations and mixed private and public partnership who have significant knowledge and experience of mobile payment implementation and use in their respective organisations. Also, the authors have used Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) methodology in developing a hierarchal model for the identified challenges. The authors implemented Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) analysis to classify the identified challenges.FindingsThe ISM-based framework is divided into nine different hierarchical levels. "Lack of strong regulatory compliance (Ch6)” has been recognised as the most important challenge, which inhibited the mobile wallet implementation, whereas "Perception of customers about the value of using mobile wallets (Ch11)” is the most dependent critical challenge. There are seven hierarchical layers in between the top and the bottom level with the varied number of challenges based on their driving and dependence power.Originality/valueThis is the first research to the best of our knowledge that has not only comprehensively reviewed the m-wallet literature but also employed a unique ISM-MICMAC-based approach to develop a framework of challenges for the m-wallet implementation.
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Enculturation is learning the culture you grow up in and Acculturation is learning a culture different from that in which you grew up. The situation becomes more challenging when you are doing business in a developing country having low literacy rate and high cultural & language barriers. This paper describes the cultural transformation, behavioral systems and improvement initiatives Fatima Fertilizers Limited (FFL) has successfully implemented in past 9 years to improve the safety culture dimensions and to ensure compliance with standards. This resulted in improvement of FFL safety records to world class level. It will also describe the details of implementation process and maturing steps of systems on Behavioral/Cultural aspects and elements such as Process Safety Leadership & Engagement Program, Management Safety Audit Program, Perception Surveys, Operational Discipline & Excellence, Field vigilance & Area audits Program, Line Management Responsibility, Observation Reporting, Analysis & Action Plans and Contractor Safety Management Program etc which resulted in achievement of such remarkable results. The paper also includes the Organizations' vision & future plans on sustaining and further improving process safety culture as per changing & challenging scenarios across the globe especially post COVID-19. © 2022 AIChE Spring Meeting and 18th Global Congress on Process Safety, GCPS 2022. All rights reserved.
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Objective: The performance of the supplementary health system (SSS) in Brazil depends on the country's ability to generate employment and income. Yet, on the other hand, even in the face of the economic crises that have hit Brazil in recent years and, more sharply, after the Covid-19 pandemic, the SSS ended 2021 with continuous growth in the number of beneficiaries. This perspective suggests possible causes to explain this contradiction while questioning the role of the State in providing a constitutional right for Brazilians. Theoretical framework: Brazilian health system can be divided into three segments: a public segment financed by the State (Unified Health System, SUS), a private segment, and a supplementary health segment, the latter two with public and private funding. The Supplementary Health System (SSS) represents a highly regulated area. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology of this work followed the rigor and steps to develop a current perspective on supplementary health in Brazil. Insights from this perspective shed light on the subject of supplementary health by providing insight into existing issues, concepts and prevailing notions about health systems. Findings: The healthcare system in Brazil is complex and combines market elements of public and social interest in a single environment. In this way, the question remains whether business models geared to the base of the economic pyramid (BoP) community have focused exclusively on making a profit by "selling to the poor” or whether they have brought a valuable commitment to social development in the country. Research, Practical & Social implications: This question deserves attention due to the de-prioritization of health on the political agenda in an election year and the critical post-Covid-19 pandemic situation. Social policies in Brazil need to go beyond guaranteeing access to credit compensating for the lack of public provision, at the risk of mortgaging the SUS as a sign of modernity and progress. Originality/value: This perspective suggests possible causes to explain this contradiction while questioning the role of the State in providing a constitutional right for Brazilians. © 2022 AOS-Estratagia and Inovacao. All rights reserved.
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Halliburton uses the term "local content" to describe programs to develop and use local resources in providing our services in that host country. Local content requirements vary by country, but commonly include providing employment opportunities to local citizens, procurement of goods and services from within the country, manufacturing and value addition through partnerships with and development of local entities, training programs to develop the technical skills of local individuals and businesses, and carry out research and development for finding indigenous alternates of imported materials. In almost all cases, local content requirements are mandated by the laws of the countries where we operate. Adhering to and improving local content is an important part of Halliburton's commitment to support the countries in which it operates and it also brings benefits for both Halliburton and local communities. In this paper, we share a case study of how Halliburton carried out the process of localizing chemical manufacturing in Saudi Arabia, the steps taken, and support extended in developing the local suppliers. Meeting local content requirements requires precise collaboration and communication between regional and country management teams, compliance with host country laws and regulations, adherence to Halliburton company policies, and meeting the quality standards the National Operating Company which is the end user in most cases. The methodology for achieving effective localization results started with setting the right strategy and putting challenging but achievable targets. This localization initiative exemplifies company efforts to create value in every aspect of the company's business through the In-Kingdom Total Value Add (iktva) program mandated by the national operating company in the country. Having a local source of manufacturing and supply chain mitigates any disruptions like the one we saw during COVID 19 whereby the movement across borders was partially closed and supply chain globally was disrupted. Any local souring effectively diminishes the impact of any such disruptions. This initiative considered more than 50 Halliburton commercial chemical products and resulted in more than 10 successful replacements. Halliburton was able to export three products to company's operations outside Saudi Arabia. Partnering with Saudi Aramco, chamber of commerce and local manufacturers and suppliers in this program will drive additional domestic value creation to support a rapidly changing economic environment and foster future prosperity. Copyright © 2022, International Petroleum Technology Conference.
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OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to describe the rapid adaption of a Master of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (MCLS) program to the abrupt suspension of classroom instruction and laboratory training at affiliated hospitals in compliance with the New York governor's executive order in March 2020. METHODS: Teaching modifications included greater emphasis on Zoom video conferencing, Media Lab assignments, independent self-study, and online testing. RESULTS: Instruction of academic coursework continued uninterrupted using previously established teaching modalities. Clinical training presented 2-fold concerns, credit hours needed for the master's degree and clinical hours required for New York State licensing. The latter was delayed. CONCLUSION: The real-time need to deliver laboratory science education during a time of statewide closure was fulfilled using available teaching modalities. The resulting uninterrupted academic and clinical training ensured the education of the incoming workforce of our clinical laboratories. This teaching strategy may be considered during new curricula development in preparation for times of future crises.
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Little is known about information seeking and its influence on preventive behaviors among immigrants in Japan, despite their vulnerabilities during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study investigated information seeking about COVID-19, and examined differences with compliance with preventive measures between immigrants and the host population in Japan based on an Internet survey conducted in October 2021. We used chi-squared tests to determine the difference in information seeking and preventive behaviors between the two groups, and Poisson regression with robust standard errors to examine the association between information seeking and compliance with preventive measures. Our results show that, although the overall tendencies of information seeking and the preventive behaviors of immigrants were similar to those of the Japanese, significant differences were identified in some behavior: immigrants were more likely to acquire COVID-19 information from social networking services (SNS) and official websites in Japan, and maintain physical distance and ventilation than Japanese locals. Furthermore, immigrants' sources of information diversified according to their sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., educational level, Japanese language skills, length of residence in Japan, and country or region of origin). Additionally, the effects of information seeking on preventive actions against COVID-19 differed according to the information sources;some information sources (e.g., SNS) had different impacts on preventive behaviors between immigrants and Japanese locals. Obtaining information from traditional media and Japanese official websites increases engagement with all five preventive measures among immigrants and four measures among the Japanese. The study highlights the importance of customized health policies for immigrants according to their behavioral tendencies. © Fuji Technology Press Ltd.
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The effectiveness and cost implications are always top factors for policy makers while deciding upon the appropriate air pollution abatement measures. The present study aimed to understand the actual particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) patterns during different phases of COVID-19 lockdown periods and depict their spatial distributions covering the 36 major areas in Delhi, India. Drastic visible reduction in both the pollutants was found during lockdown phase 1 and 2. Average PM2.5 reductions of 41.97%, 39.24%, 56.04%, and 56.77% were recorded comparing lockdown and/or study period with the years 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022, respectively. Similar average reduction of PM10 to the magnitude of 51.72%, 48.95%, 48.24%, and 49.00% was found for the referred years. However, the reduction during the before-lockdown period of 2018 and 2019 and the year 2020 did not follow such radical reduction returning the values for PM2.5 as 7.66-14.88% and that for PM10 as 12.86-20.67%. The geospatial maps generated for Delhi city followed the similar findings at macro level depicting huge reduction in PM distribution classes for the study period. For instance, the percent surface area under "moderately high"polluted due to PM2.5 came down to 0.61 during lockdown phase 2 from 13.96 during January 2020. Further, about 15 of the 36 locations reported compliance to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for either of the pollutants during the study period. Nevertheless, such reductions are short-lived because the levels went up again in the years 2021 and 2022 (except similar lockdowns) as the situation got back to normal daily life activities postlockdown. Although, lockdown may be imposed in case of severe ambient air quality in a densely populated megacity like Delhi, it remains a temporary or quick-fix solution, to be looked as a last line of defense. © 2023 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers.
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Smart homecare utilises advanced technologies to support, improve and promote remote healthcare in homes and communities through collecting and analysing health data and sharing this knowledge with carers and clinicians. With the continuous growth in the world’s older population, smart homecare becomes increasingly crucial in providing in-home care for older adults, allowing the vital healthcare dollars to go further into other critical care needs. In addition, with the rise in the development and utilisation of innovative technologies in healthcare settings, it is vital to ensure that these technologies are guided and approved by the corresponding regulatory bodies such as FDA (Foods and Drug Administration) in the USA and TGA (Therapeutic Good Administration) in Australia. With this premise, this paper identifies four dimensions for researchers to consider when developing smart homecare solutions for in-home remote care: Technology, Data, People, and Operational Environment. The essential interplays amongst these four dimensions are discussed to identify the various enablers and barriers in the successful delivery of smart homecare solutions. As the primary output of this paper, it proposes a conceptual framework to achieve practical in-home care for the older population living independently with the support of technology, while addressing the challenges such as security and privacy of patient data. Secondly, a comprehensive and practical guide featuring seven phases is presented to support and direct researchers in implementing smart homecare solutions for remote care. The proposed framework and the guide aim to make smart homecare research practical and truly translational into broader practice. Author
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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on public purchasing. As a response to the necessity to react quickly and procure goods that were urgently needed, governments set new rules allowing for quicker procurement processes. Those processes often seemed opaque and incomprehensible, creating a space for corruption and inefficiency. Publishing information as open data helps shine a light on procurement data. This paper aims to assess how transparency policies and open data strategies can allow civil society to monitor government expenditures, particularly expenditures made in moments of crisis. The authors looked deeper into procurement data at the regional level, exemplified by the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW). In an analysis which includes the compliance with international standards such as the Open Contracting Standard and the level of completeness of the data published, the authors found an incomplete data landscape with little information available. Major concerns for the data quality are poorly written documentation, lack of data standardization and law enforcement, and missing information on key variables. © 2022 Owner/Author.
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The COVID-19 crisis has presented the construction sector with challenges that the world has never seen before. Productivity is down, costs have increased, conflicts and claims are increasing, delays are high, health and safety practices are increasing, and profit margins have been reduced. The challenges require unprecedented, sudden, and unplanned changes to construction management practices and strategies. Through an open-ended survey questionnaire, this research investigated how COVID-19 causes disputes in construction projects and the measures that quantity surveying firms take to resolve the disputes in construction contracts due to the pandemic. The data revealed that disputes and claims have increased by some 80% due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the data revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased project costs by more than 40%. Shortages of materials, compliance with standard operating procedures, social distance, fluctuation, and shortages of labor are the causes of disputes. Unlike prior to the COVID-19 crisis, disputes are not caused by variations, ambiguous contract clauses, mistakes, errors, and competencies of the parties to the contracts. To resolve COVID-19-induced claims, contract clauses, negotiations, conciliation, trust management, and contingency provisions are the most effective. This research provides new information on claim management during a crisis. From an ontological standpoint, the main findings of this study are generalizable to construction projects in and outside of Nigeria. © 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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The European yarn fairs for the autumn/winter 2023/24 season were held in a hesitant spirit, reflecting economic uncertainties affecting the whole of the textile and clothing industry. The industry has faced persistent disruptions to supply chains caused by lockdowns, which have continued to be imposed in major textile and clothing producing countries in an attempt to stem the spread of COVID-19. Furthermore, the war in Ukraine has introduced additional challenges—including difficulties in procuring raw materials and sharp increases in fuel and energy costs. At the same time, calls for the European textile and clothing industry to take action to reduce the damaging impact of its operations on the environment have intensified. It was evident at the fairs that many exhibitors had acknowledged these calls in the development of their product ranges for the autumn/winter 2023/24 season. Many had turned to using recycled waste materials in a bid to improve their sustainability credentials while some had implemented strategies aimed at reducing energy and water consumption and others had replaced materials derived from petroleum with natural materials. Several exhibitors had developed yarns made using materials derived from post-consumer waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles. However, claims made about the environmental sustainability of such materials faced some challenges, given that synthetic fibres are known to be a cause of microplastics pollution. Yarns made from natural fibres, especially merino wool, were prevalent at the yarn fairs. However, there was a consensus among exhibitors that the industry is facing pressures to guarantee the welfare of the animals used in its supply chains. There was also a consensus that consumers are expecting manufacturers to be more responsible and transparent about the animal fibres they use. One of the ways in which manufacturers aim to meet these expectations in their product ranges for the autumn/winter 2023/24 season is to achieve compliance with international certification schemes, such as the Responsible Wool Standard (RWS). © Textiles Intelligence Limited 2022.
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While Rwanda is aiming at environmental pollution resilience and green growth, some industries are still discharging untreated effluent into the environment. This study gives a general overview of the compliance level of industrial effluent discharge in Rwanda and the linked negative environmental impacts. It comprises qualitative and quantitative analyses of data obtained from wastewater samples collected from five selected industries in Rwanda. The selected industries had previously been audited and monitored by the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA), due to complains from neighboring residents. The study found that the effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for all concerned industries failed to comply with (i) oil and grease (O&G) national and international tolerable parameter limits or the (ii) fecal coliforms national standard. In addition, a compliance level of 66.7% was observed for key water quality monitoring parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and heavy metals (i.e., lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr)). Following these study findings, one industry was closed by the REMA for deliberately discharging untreated effluent into an adjacent river. This study recommends the adoption of the best available technology for effluent treatment, installation or renovation of existing WWTPs, and the relocation to industrial zones of industries adjacent to fragile environments.
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BACKGROUND: Following the emergence of the global Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) have been extensively used as one of the effective methods of preventing its transmission. The products are dispensed over the counter and used by the general population. Growing concerns have been reported, however, regarding the quality, efficacy and compliance to regulatory requirements calling for objective evidence that can facilitate proactive regulatory measures. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed at assessing the level of compliance to packaging and labeling regulatory requirements of selected locally manufactured ABHS products marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was employed to randomly collect 25 locally manufactured ABHS products from retail outlets located in Addis Ababa. The manufacturers were grouped under four categories considering their experience in manufacturing, resources and technical capacities. The collected samples were evaluated for compliance to packaging and labeling information regulatory requirements and the results subjected to descriptive analysis. RESULTS: Majority of the products were found to meet most of the packaging, general product description and manufacturer-related information requirements. However, concerning gaps were observed in storage, precaution and warning-related labeling information requirements. The overall compliance of the selected products (to a total of 29 requirements under 5 categories) was 56.9%. The highest level of compliance was for general product information requirements (80.2%) followed by packaging and manufacturer-related requirements accounting for 76.8% and 75.0%, respectively. Low level of compliance was observed for storage condition and precautions (10.2% and 42.4%, respectively). Better overall compliance to packaging and labeling requirements (62.9%) were observed by large pharmaceutical and cosmetics manufacturers, while the lowest compliance level was recorded for medium level pharmaceuticals and cosmetics manufacturers. CONCLUSIONS: Even though most of the selected products were able to comply with the majority of packaging, product description and manufacturer-related requirements, gaps were observed in essential labeling information requirements. Considering the extensive use of ABHS products among diverse population groups and the potential risks associated with inappropriate use of the products, improving regulatory law enforcement practices, strengthening continuing education of manufacturing personnel and raising public awareness is very timely.
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The history of mankind witnessed a lot of pandemics throughout its years. Many of which caused fatalities and created severe consequences socially and economically. The latest example is the COVID-19 pandemic that got the world into a heated race to contain by developing immunization vaccines. Many of the vaccines came into production in record time which raises questions about their side effects. Also, since vaccines are sensitive medical products, they require continuous cold supply chain monitoring and tracking. It is clear how vital it is to link any occurring side effects to their causes to determine whether it is a manufacturing problem or a supply chain management issue. Additionally, and to properly establish this link, an effective beneficiaries' registration process is required. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive system that combines vaccines cold supply chain management solution with side-effects follow-up data and individuals registration records. To achieve these goals, the technology of blockchain was selected to develop a framework for the vaccines program. Blockchain is known as the architecture behind cryptocurrencies, however, it proved its reliability and effectiveness in different use cases. Blockchain special characteristics were the reason behind adopting it to establish a blockchain-based platform for vaccines cold supply chain associated with traceable side-effects information records combined with beneficiaries registration data. The connection between the three parts of our system framework is important to achieving the utmost benefits out of the vaccine program in terms of compliance with standard measures and its link to side-effects and beneficiaries metadata. © 2022 IEEE.
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Real-time face mask types detection using image processing and deep learning model had seen enormous promise in real-world applications. Due to the spread of Covid-19, the practice of wearing face masks in public areas is used to safeguard people from the virus. However, to manually detect the type of face masks used can be difficult, hence this project aims to design and develop a real-time face mask detection model that can detect types of face masks worn by an individual which include 1) surgical masks, 2) KF94, 3) N95, 4) cloth or 5) double-masking. It could also identify if an individual is wearing the face masks incorrectly. This project is developed using the modified waterfall methodology. There are four phases in the methodology: (i) Requirement Analysis, (ii) Design, (iii) Implementation, and (iv) Testing. The data used for training and testing in this project was collected from available images on the internet. The data were pre-processed to remove any unwanted images and each image is then annotated with appropriate classes. The detection model was built using the You Only Look Once version 3 (YOLOv3) framework. © 2022 IEEE.
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As of January 02, 2022, the Philippines is combating another surge in COVID-19 cases. With vaccinations still ongoing, the country remains vigilant and the government continues to promote compliance to minimum health standards as preventive measures to minimize the spread. Disinformation remains a challenge especially if compliance to minimum health standards and adoption of health interventions are necessary to curb the spread of COVID-19. Incorrect and unverified information about the virus increased as well which continues to run rampant in social media and with minimal models to detect disinformation in a Philippine context. The study aimed to understand the features of disinformation of COVID-19 in a Philippine context with the goal of creating a text classification model to detect disinformation of COVID-19 in social media to promote vaccine usage in the country. The usage of social network analysis was performed to understand the narratives present regarding COVID-19 disinformation. Words related to vaccines, government corruption, and government mismanagement were prevalent under the disinformation categories of “False” and “Mostly False” while words related to health information such as cases or vaccine counts were prevalent under the “Mostly True” and “True” category. Linear SVM text classification model performed the best through accuracy, precision, and recall in detecting disinformation by using TF-IDF as a feature compared to using both TF-IDF and n-grams. Disinformation narratives revolved around the idea of COVID-19 cases/vaccines, government mismanagement, and regulations. Results showed that disinformation caused distrust of the government’s management over the pandemic. Moreover, the spread of disinformation was contained to the user itself and spread to at least one other user. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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Purpose Mobile-based payment is increasing exponentially but in the developing country like India, consumers' perception is highly positive in daily cash transaction. The purpose of this research is to identify and examine the important challenges for mobile wallet (m-wallet) implementation in India. In the wake of COVID-19, one of the transmission mechanisms of this virus has been the coins and paper money passed between a buyer and a seller. As such m-wallet considered as a convenience of payment has become a necessity in light of the pandemic. Design/methodology/approach The authors explored 19 unique sets of challenges selected from the literature and collected data from 14 experts from private sector, multinational corporations and mixed private and public partnership who have significant knowledge and experience of mobile payment implementation and use in their respective organisations. Also, the authors have used Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) methodology in developing a hierarchal model for the identified challenges. The authors implemented Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) analysis to classify the identified challenges. Findings The ISM-based framework is divided into nine different hierarchical levels. "Lack of strong regulatory compliance (Ch6)" has been recognised as the most important challenge, which inhibited the mobile wallet implementation, whereas "Perception of customers about the value of using mobile wallets (Ch11)" is the most dependent critical challenge. There are seven hierarchical layers in between the top and the bottom level with the varied number of challenges based on their driving and dependence power. Originality/value This is the first research to the best of our knowledge that has not only comprehensively reviewed the m-wallet literature but also employed a unique ISM-MICMAC-based approach to develop a framework of challenges for the m-wallet implementation.
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a severe form of asthma. SARS-COV 2 is a virus that is the cause of the COVID epidemic. SARS- COV 2 is mostly transmitted through the air inhalation of respiratory droplets ejected by infected people. People are in danger as a result of this developing COVID-19 and other diseases like OMICRON with symptoms that are similar to COVID, by the patterns of transmission. The continuous pandemic demonstrates the need for us to work together to avoid disaster. Elevators are a type of transportation that are used even in small enclosed areas with a number of settings, frequently transporting a large number of users in a short period of time. For Infection prevention and control elevators should be redesigned. Currently, manual procedures are used for cleaning and disinfecting elevator cabins, which takes a lot of time and effort. User compliance is necessary for elevator hygiene standards such as hand sanitization and mask utilization. The proposed method presents a UV-C light-based technology for disinfecting elevator cabins automatically. This could be accomplished in a manner that does not intervene with the ordinary operation of elevator, which is controlled by a microcontroller. © 2022 IEEE.
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Background: Formaldehyde is a chemical used in several textile production processes, such as hardening of fibers and antimold finishing. However, it has varying effects on humans, such as irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, wheezing, chest pains and bronchitis. In the midst of COVID-19, individuals are using various fabrics for face mask production, which may be containing levels of formaldehyde that can negatively affect their health. Methods: This study investigated formaldehyde levels in fabrics on the Ghanaian market to determine compliance to standards set by the Ghana Standards Authority (GSA) with the aid of experimental procedures. Thirty-two (32) different brands of fabrics were selected for the investigation. Formaldehyde levels were determined using a spectrophotometer (DR6000). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) for Windows version 22. The mean performance attributes and the formaldehyde levels of the sampled fabrics were determined before and after washing. Inferential statistics (Analysis of Variance and Paired Samples t-test) at 0.05 alpha levels were used to determine significant differences between and among the groups involved. Results: The fabric samples tested positive for formaldehyde before and after washing, with some exceeding the standard limits set by the GSA before washing. Significant differences existed between and among the samples with regard to formaldehyde levels as well as weight and weave types of the samples and formaldehyde levels. Conclusion: Washing significantly reduced the formaldehyde levels in the fabrics. It is recommended that Ghana Standards Authority takes a further look at the fabrics on the Ghanaian market to ensure manufacturers comply with set standards and consumers are also advised to wash their clothes at least once before use to reduce the level of impact formaldehyde resin may have on them. © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.
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With the diversification of learning needs, the enhancement of e-learning teaching materials has become more and more important for both authors and users. The expansion of opportunities for e-learning influenced by COVID-19 further strengthened this importance. Despite the existence of international standards such as SCORM, the distribution and utilization of e-learning teaching materials has not progressed as expected. Due to the heavy burdens on authors to create standards-compliant teaching materials, non-compliant teaching materials continue to be used individually only around authors. This problem also makes it difficult for users to obtain the required teaching materials. In this research, we have been working on the development of methods for generating a repository of teaching materials including latent ones that do not conform to the standard. To achieve this goal, we initially developed methods for automatically collecting e-learning materials from the Web. We also developed methods for diagnosing the standards-compliance status of teaching materials. For non-compliant teaching materials, we extract the lacking factors for compliance with the standards and accumulate them in the repository together with the outline and location of the teaching materials. This repository enables to provide the hints that supports the creation of compliant teaching materials by authors. This paper mainly describes the methods for diagnosing the standards-compliance situation of teaching materials. Finally, an experiment on the diagnosis of standards-compliance is described and the validity of our methods is discussed on the basis of the results. © 2021 IEEE.